I've read this before, forgot about it, then searched again after reading this post. Perhaps this is the answer to our soldiers needs.
PROUDLY PHILIPPINE MADE PA! :patrioticpinoy:
http://www.up.edu.ph/upforum.php?i=145Food science: Innovation delivers food to every Filipino household
Alicor L. Panao
Instant curry rice anyone? Or perhaps steamed rice with afritada?
Pretty soon, the Filipino’s staple diet will become available to every household, ready to eat, in various flavors and combinations, rain or shine, straight from the can.
And that’s just for starters. Through the years, researchers, nutritionists, and food technologists have developed ideas and devoted their creativity to transforming food materials into safe, wholesome, attractive, and readily available products. Their labor has brought into the market some of the most pioneering consumer items, ranging from the practical, such as canned cooked rice meals, to the ingenious, such as bangus longganisa.
In a country where food is a multi-million peso industry, the money-earning potential for research of these sorts is simply enormous. But Prof. Ma. Veritas Luna, chair of the UP College of Home Economics’ Department of Food Science and Nutrition says profit is the least of their motives. More than commercial mass appeal, their main concern is food security—to make certain that adequately nutritious and safe food is readily available to the population. “Of course, it pays to achieve commercial application for a product or technique we have pioneered,” Luna says. “But our main thrust really is to uplift the lives of hundreds of Filipinos through something as basic as food.”
No doubt, everybody needs to eat. Unfortunately, food does not always come in abundance. Which is why, according to Luna, the perennial challenge in food science is to find ways to convert limited perishable resources into food items that can be stored and utilized in times of need. Some products are eaten within minutes of purchase. But others are expected to remain shelf-stable for several months or in times when they are out of season. Likewise, the meals must be able to satisfy the entire population. “No, this is definitely not culinary arts,” she says.
Science of food
Food science goes beyond mere food preparation. Even among food science practitioners, the concept of food alone has many different connotations. A chemist, for example, may see food as matter possessing mass and other chemical properties. From a biologist’s perspective, food may be anything produced by living organisms such as plants and animals. As such, food plants practically serve as laboratories where flavors are concocted by the molecule, where salt or sugar crystals are measured by the micron, where technologists agonize over which type of fruit or meat captures the right flavor, and where any new product under development is taste-tested to its last dollop or drop of syrup. It is important to look at food in a holistic way, according to Luna. “As much as finding out whether or not our latest idea resonates among consumers, we also want to determine the possible effects of such agents such as air or water on our food as it is processed.”
Complicating things further is the speed with which technological advancements have fashioned more sophisticated food preferences. No sooner do manufacturers devise the perfect product for the perfect niche than new categories crop up. “Not too long ago, for instance, milk used to be just milk,” Luna observes. “But now we have milk for infants, follow-on formulas for toddlers, milk for pregnant moms, and even milk for the elderly and geriatric patients.” As research on human nutrition requirements continue, the food industry also utilizes new knowledge for the development of new products that will respond to the population’s needs.
It is said that food processing has been around since the dawn of civilization and such methods as fermenting, sun drying, curing with salt, and various ways of cooking were already familiar to our prehistoric ancestors. These crude processing techniques remained essentially the same until the advent of the industrial revolution. Modern food processing may have begun in 1795 when the French general Napoleon Bonaparte offered 12,000 francs to anyone who could find a way to preserve food that could feed his troops on the road. About a decade and a half later, Nicholas Appert collected the reward after perfecting a method of safely sealing food inside a jar or bottle. Of course, the process was not called canning then and the French inventor did not really know the principle on which his process worked. Nevertheless, it had a significant impact on food preservation techniques. A year later, tin-coated iron cans began to appear in England. By the end of the nineteenth century, the first automated can-making machines were introduced to the food manufacturing industry.
But it was not until 1864, when Louis Pasteur began observing the spoilage of wine, that food processing took a more scientific turn. Pasteur’s research on the production of wines, beer, and cheese, as well as the heating process he introduced to prevent food spoilage caused by disease-carrying micro-organisms, completely revolutionized the technology of preparing and preserving food.
Innovative practices
At present, of course, food technology has advanced in ways far beyond what Pasteur and Appert imagined. Nowadays, for instance, you need only hot water to enjoy a bowl of Japanese ramen, and gourmet delicacies are just a can opener away.
Dr. Maria Patricia Azanza, food science and nutrition professor at UP-CHE, has even perfected a canning technology to produce ready-to-eat rice that is just right for every Filipino’s discriminating taste buds. All prior efforts to can ready-made rice products failed simply because of the difficulty of replicating the taste and texture of many cooked rice dishes. “As you know,” Luna explains, “Filipinos prefer their boiled rice fluffy, not too sticky, and just right in terms of moisture.”
The rice meals, however, were originally intended as relief food for disaster-stricken communities or as rations for troops in combat missions—situations when cooking equipment or mess facilities are limited or nonexistent. A single can contains flavored rice complete with viands such as beef longganisa and chicken curry, and is large enough to satisfy two to three persons. The product can be enjoyed after minimal microwave heating or by immersing the can in boiling water. This collaborative project of the UP-CHE Food Science and Nutrition Department, the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), and local food company Turris Philippines, Inc., has been pilot-tested among intended markets such as the military with very favorable results. In fact, Azanza’s ready-to-eat rice meals are already in the process of upscale commercial production and distribution.
Interestingly, similar efforts are also being undertaken in other UP units. At the UP-Visayas Institute of Fish Processing Technology (UPV-IFPT), for instance, Dr. Leonarda S. Mendoza and her colleagues have shown that value-added products can be derived successfully from what would typically be considered waste and leftovers materials during processing of a very familiar fish species—milkfish or bangus. Value adding refers to a series of steps undertaken to improve the selling price of a raw material, and may range from simple de-boning to something as complex as turning waste materials into useful products. “Value adding from bangus is endless,” says Mendoza. “Virtually all of its parts, including both liquid and soluble waste can be converted into food products, feeds, or fertilizers.” Dr. Laurentina Calmorin of the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College even went as far as developing burger patties from waste materials from de-boned milkfish, as well as making pulvoron (a native sweet with fine powdery texture) from the bones (tinik).
Mendoza believes there is so much in bangus in terms of value-adding potential not only because it is well-liked by Filipinos and acceptable in fast food centers, but also due to the fact that it is the only edible fish species readily available in large volumes throughout the year. Many value-added products have already been developed from milkfish. The challenge now is for research and development results to be commercialized and brought to the market. Under these circumstances there is an obvious need for the local markets to be enhanced, and the local producers prepared for new and much bigger export markets. Milkfish is comparable in taste to the herring that are smoked and canned in Europe. If these milkfish products are able to meet international standards, they could even end up among the country’s top exports.
However, as with all other raw materials, more research is needed, especially in terms of fish culture management. In principle, fish can be grown in such a way that they suit the requirement of their intended products. Bangus meant for fish fillets, for instance, should have more meat than fat. The belly fat is removed when preparing fillets to minimize rancidity, which is the result when fat is oxidized during storage. “But while Filipinos consider the belly the best part of the fish for sinigang, or in dishes where the fish is prepared for immediate consumption, this is not true for other products,” Mendoza explains. “Thus, if the intended value-added product is a frozen fillet or fish nuggets, there may be a need to reduce the fat-enhancing components in the feed so that the fish flesh will not be too fatty.” While fatty flesh is typically ideal for smoked products, milkfish intended for canning and bottling must have flesh with firm texture so that it retains its flavor after heat processing and does not crumble during storage and transport.
This area of research focusing on fish culture management in relation to raw material quality has yet to be pursued. In addition, consumer specification, effective and environment-friendly packaging materials, integrated approaches to processing, characterization of the raw material for better utilization, and compliance with risk-based quality assurance system are other avenues for more post-production research
Transfer of technology
Research, however, does not necessarily mean coming up with an entirely new product. The concern, according to Luna, is more on how to modify techniques or tailor-fit products to better suit the country’s available resources, technology, climactic conditions and local consumer needs. And, indeed, a number of food processing innovations and techniques pioneered at the UP-CHE have since become gold standards in the Philippine food industry.
“Corned beef is one,” says Luna. “Of course, tinned corned beef is found in many parts of the world. But who introduced them here? Who perfected the process?” Corned beef generally refers to a slab of beef cured or pickled in seasoned brine. It is prepared sans additional ingredients and the “corn” actually refers to the grains of coarse salt used to cure the meat. The technique was taught to early Food Science and Nutrition students, who spread the technology when they left the University to build careers in the food industry. “And where is corned beef now? It has become a byword and a household staple.”
Former UP-CHE Dean and current DOST Secretary Dr. Estrella Alabastro’s pioneering works were also instrumental in establishing the various thermal processes of many canned products. The thermal processes of commercially sterile or shelf-stable canned products actually vary depending on the kind of food material, the size of food, the presence and kind of liquid added, as well as on the size and type of can to be used. Fruits, which are mostly high in acid, for example, require different thermal processes from meats and fish. Alabastro’s publications made information regarding thermal processes readily available in the 80s, stimulating the fast growth of the food canning industry in the country.
Unfortunately, patenting homegrown technology is an entirely different story. “Even Dr. Azanza has had to endure a lot of legal and administrative procedures, maybe partly because hers was a test case for the college,” Luna says. “Imagine what the small-scale home based entrepreneur would have to endure.”
The Department’s extension services include affordable food product quality control services, product development, canning services and sensory evaluation services for small-, medium-, and micro-scale food entrepreneurs. These services assist players in the local food industry in keeping their products competitive, palatable, safe and nutritious. “These days, for instance, we help clients develop bottled salad dressings that would go with their vegetable produce,” Luna says. “They are hoping the new product will attract more consumers and boost sales.”
Faculty members, through their research, also contribute to food policies in the country, including the formulation of standards for local food products.
Role of the government
Nevertheless, Luna admits that the dedication of a few scientists and researchers is not enough to ease the country’s worsening hunger problem. The government, she insists, should give more support to food science research because it is the food industry which will ultimately propel the economy. “We eat every day. Everybody eats. Food, therefore, can be a viable investment for the country,” she says.
Luna feels sorry that, despite the abundance in natural resources, the country has been left behind by its neighbors in the region. “For instance, while Thailand has nothing that we do not have, simply look at where the rambutan has gone and you will see the difference,” she says. “Whereas in Thai villages the local fruit is now in the supermarket, canned and ready to be eaten, our rambutan is still dangling from the trees. Now is it really a wonder we are still in this level?”
One does not even have to look far to have an idea of the state of the country’s food research. “Simply consider our pilot food plant and you will get a good picture. We lost many plant technicians due to the sorry state of our pay. Our boiler has exceeded its maximum serviceable life. It is practically a ticking bomb,” she says. The Department is hoping to acquire a new one, but this is far from easy. Other units are making similar requests and the boiler is in competition with the University’s other priorities.
Even so, work continues for the struggling food plant. “Despite our meager resources we can still achieve so much. Imagine what we could do if we actually had the resources,” Luna says. “And that goes for the entire University.”